A regional comparison of children's blood cadmium, lead, and mercury in rural, urban and industrial areas of six European countries, and China, Ecuador, and Morocco

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A regional comparison of children's blood cadmium, lead, and mercury in rural, urban and industrial areas of six European countries, and China, Ecuador, and Morocco

Hrubá, Františka (author): Regional Authority of Public Health, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia

Černá, Milena (author): Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic,Charles University in Prague

Chen, Chunying (author): Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Harari, Florencia (author): Institute for Development of Production and Work Environment (IFA), Quito, Ecuador

Horvat, Milena (author): Institut Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Koppová, Kvetoslava (author): Slovak Medical University Bratislava, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia

Krsková, Andrea (author): National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic

Laamech, Jawhar (author): Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Morocco (Laboratory of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy), Tangier, Morocco

Li, Yu-Feng (author): Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science

Löfmark, Lina (author): Lund University,Lunds universitet,Avdelningen för arbets- och miljömedicin,Institutionen för laboratoriemedicin,Medicinska fakulteten,Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University,Department of Laboratory Medicine,Faculty of Medicine

Lundh, Thomas (author): Lund University,Lunds universitet,Metalund,Annan verksamhet, LTH,Lunds Tekniska Högskola,Avdelningen för arbets- och miljömedicin,Institutionen för laboratoriemedicin,Medicinska fakulteten,Genetisk arbets- och miljömedicin,Forskargrupper vid Lunds universitet,Other operations, LTH,Faculty of Engineering, LTH,Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University,Department of Laboratory Medicine,Faculty of Medicine,Genetic Occupational and Environmental Medicine,Lund University Research Groups

Lyoussi, Badiaa (author): University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco (Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modelling, Health and Quality of Life), Morocco

Mazej, Darja (author): Institut Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Osredkar, Joško (author): University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Pawlas, Krystyna (author): Wroclaw Medical University, Poland

Pawlas, Natalia (author): Medical University of Silesia, Poland (Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze), Zabrze, Poland

Prokopowicz, Adam (author): Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Katowice, Poland,Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas (IETU)

Rentschler, Gerda (author): Lund University,Lunds universitet,NanoLund: Centre for Nanoscience,Annan verksamhet, LTH,Lunds Tekniska Högskola,Fasta tillståndets fysik,Fysiska institutionen,Institutioner vid LTH,LTH profilområde: Nanovetenskap och halvledarteknologi,LTH profilområden,LU profilområde: Ljus och material,Lunds universitets profilområden,Other operations, LTH,Faculty of Engineering, LTH,Solid State Physics,Department of Physics,Departments at LTH,Faculty of Engineering, LTH,LTH Profile Area: Nanoscience and Semiconductor Technology,LTH Profile areas,Faculty of Engineering, LTH,LU Profile Area: Light and Materials,Lund University Profile areas

Snoj Tratnik, Janja (author): Institut Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Nilsson Sommar, Johan (author): Umeå University,Umeå universitet,Avdelningen för hållbar hälsa

Spěváčková, Věra (author): National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic

Špirić, Zdravko (author): Green Infrastructure Ltd, Zagreb, Croatia

Skerfving, Staffan (author): Lund University,Lunds universitet,Centrum för miljö- och klimatvetenskap (CEC),Naturvetenskapliga fakulteten,Centre for Environmental and Climate Science (CEC),Faculty of Science

Bergdahl, Ingvar (author): Umeå University,Umeå universitet,Avdelningen för hållbar hälsa

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Poland : Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 2023
2023
English.
In: International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. - Poland : Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine. - 1232-1087 .- 1896-494X .- 2008-6520. ; 36:3, s. 349-364

Related links:: https://doi.org/10.1...; show more...; https://umu.diva-por... (primary) (Raw object); http://dx.doi.org/10... (free); https://urn.kb.se/re...; https://doi.org/10.1...; https://lup.lub.lu.s...; show less...

Journal article (peer-reviewed)

Abstract Subject headings

OBJECTIVES: The authors aimed to evaluate whether blood cadmium (B-Cd), lead (B-Pb) and mercury (B-Hg) in children differ regionally in 9 countries, and to identify factors correlating with exposure.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The authors performed a cross-sectional study of children aged 7-14 years, living in 2007-2008 in urban, rural, or potentially polluted ("hot spot") areas (ca. 50 children from each area, in total 1363 children) in 6 European and 3 non-European countries. The authors analyzed Cd, Pb, and total Hg in blood and collected information on potential determinants of exposure through questionnaires. Regional differences in exposure levels were assessed within each country.RESULTS: Children living near industrial "hot-spots" had B-Cd 1.6 (95% CI: 1.4-1.9) times higher in the Czech Republic and 2.1 (95% CI:1.6-2.8) times higher in Poland, as compared to urban children in the same countries (geometric means [GM]: 0.13 μg/l and 0.15 μg/l, respectively). Correspondingly, B-Pb in the "hot spot" areas was 1.8 (95% CI: 1.6-2.1) times higher than in urban areas in Slovakia and 2.3 (95% CI: 1.9-2.7) times higher in Poland (urban GM: 19.4 μg/l and 16.3 μg/l, respectively). In China and Morocco, rural children had significantly lower B-Pb than urban ones (urban GM: 64 μg/l and 71 μg/l, respectively), suggesting urban exposure from leaded petrol, water pipes and/or coal-burning. Hg "hot spot" areas in China had B-Hg 3.1 (95% CI: 2.7-3.5) times higher, and Ecuador 1.5 (95% CI: 1.2-1.9) times higher, as compared to urban areas (urban GM: 2.45 μg/l and 3.23 μg/l, respectively). Besides industrial exposure, traffic correlated with B-Cd; male sex, environmental tobacco smoke, and offal consumption with B-Pb; and fish consumption and amalgam fillings with B-Hg. However, these correlations could only marginally explain regional differences.CONCLUSIONS: These mainly European results indicate that some children experience about doubled exposures to toxic elements just because of where they live. These exposures are unsafe, identifiable, and preventable and therefore call for preventive actions.

Subject headings

MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP -- Hälsovetenskap -- Arbetsmedicin och miljömedicin (hsv//swe)
MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES -- Health Sciences -- Occupational Health and Environmental Health (hsv//eng)
MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP -- Klinisk medicin -- Pediatrik (hsv//swe)
MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES -- Clinical Medicine -- Pediatrics (hsv//eng)

Keyword

biological monitoring
cadmium
child
environmental pollutants
lead
mercury
biological monitoring
cadmium
child
environmental pollutants
lead
mercury

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ref (subject category)
art (subject category)

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MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES: MEDICAL AND HEAL ...; and Health Sciences; and Occupational Hea ...

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